Politeness and Intercultural Communication Essay

Politeness and Intercultural Communication - Essay Example Much emphasis is placed on the non-verbal form of communication. For example, the Japanese place emphasis on their bowing, not only as a sign of hospitality, but also as a way to communicate or get the attention of others. In Indonesia, the offering of beverages or refreshments, and the timing and the manner of drinking them helps indicate whether the talk of business is over or is still ongoing. Politeness in the United States is generally leaning towards the verbal, and will typically be very open or explicit. One form of politeness in the United States is the usual regard of always saying ‘thank you’ as proper courtesy for being given help. In the United States, it is polite to address people in the workplace setting with honorifics such as ‘Ms.’, ‘Mrs.’ or ‘Mr.’ among others. Such practice is especially important to superiors. Lastly, another form of politeness in the United States is the practice of keeping distance when it comes to another individual’s personal space, especially in a workplace

The Effect of Nokia Phone Campaign for Better Communication Case Study

The Effect of Nokia Phone Campaign for Better Communication - Case Study Example The process of solicitation involves the assessment of the needs of the project. At this stage of the procurement, we intend to outline what our needs are in greater detail so that all the requirements are properly identified. As per the requirements of our project, we identified the following requirements for the procurement of scheduling software: The process of solicitation involves the assessment of the needs of the project. At this stage of the procurement, we intend to outline what our needs are in greater detail so that all the requirements are properly identified. As per the requirements of our project, we identified the following requirements for the procurement of scheduling software:1) Buy hardware and software including servers to run the tool and house the project database.2) Hire a team of technicians to configure the software3) Hire a training entity to teach students how to use the tool4) Hire tool usage experts to transfer the knowledge to the students5) Plan for the removal and disposal of the software. The above requirements are very clearly identified and are diversified in nature i.e. will not involve just one vendor. It is therefore important that we must identify and select capable vendors to deliver the above for the successful completion of the same. Selecting VendorsSelection of vendors is the next phase in this process of procurement. Do select vendors require that we must clearly have an idea of what exactly our needs are? If we fail to clearly identify the needs at the solicitation stage, selection of vendors would be an idle exercise. Since the requirements of our project are multiple in nature, therefore, we would be planning to approach multiple vendors so that our requirements are properly met.

Intake Manifold of the Internal Combustion Engine

Intake Manifold of the Internal Combustion Engine Abstract Intake manifold of the Internal Combustion engine is a subsystem which supplies fresh air-fuel mixture into the engine cylinders where combustion of fuel takes place. For Efficient Combustion of the charge, the walls of the intake manifold must be smooth/polished to reduce any sidewall resistance. The traditional materials used for intake manifolds were cast iron and Aluminum. In order to reduce manufacturing costs and improve thermal efficiency, new composites are proposed. Inside the cylinder, the energy generated from combustion of fuel is converted into pressure and heat during the power stroke. The pressure and heat increase rapidly within a short span of time. The piston converts this energy into mechanical work. In place of the traditional aluminum alloys, Al-SiC material is proposed which have superior properties. Exhaust manifold is responsible to remove the depleted charge and create space for the incoming charge. Materials used in exhaust systems of engines must have High Temperature Service capability, superior fatigue strength, and good fracture toughness, be easily machinable and economic considering the overall cost of the automobile. Mo-Nb added ferritic stainless steel is a new material that is gaining reputation for its high formability and high heat-resistance. Introduction Internal Combustion Engine is a complex machine that does mechanical work when the air-fuel mixture is ignited under high pressure. The Air-Fuel mixture is sent into the Combustion chamber through the intake manifold which is responsible to maintain proper supply of ignition charge into the engine always. The structure of the intake manifold must be such that it has low sidewall friction and maintains lower temperature so that the charge doesnt pre-ignite. The piston is the component that creates the necessary horsepower inside the engine. It must be light weight and must have good thermal properties. The exhaust manifold deals with the hot gases coming out the combustion chamber. It must be able to maintain flow of exhaust gases without any hindrance. Failure in the exhaust system can cause loss of back pressure which can significantly affect engine performance. Intake Manifold 1. Introduction Intake manifold in the car engine is the system which supplies fresh air into the engine cylinders where combustion of fuel happens. The Intake Manifolds in Internal Combustion engines are one of the most engineered components. High precision is needed to efficiently send right amount of cold, high pressure air in equal quantities and at the same pressure. Earlier generations of cars had intake manifolds made from cast iron, which were heavy. In high volume production cars, the use of injection molded composite intake manifolds has been increasing rapidly. [1] AE 587 Final Research Report Winter 2017 Material Selection for Intake Manifold, Piston Exhaust Manifold Tarun Krishna Prabhakar, Rohit Vedachalam, Pranav Radhakrishna Figure 1: Intake manifold made from Nylon 6,6 [23] An intake manifold is an integrated unit of any engine, made up of a series of tubes/ducts which distribute fuel-air mixture to each cylinder. For V-shaped engine blocks, intake manifold is integrated between the two cylinder rows whereas inline engines have manifolds to side of cylinder head. Intake manifolds also perform as mounting points for Fuel injectors/carburetors, thermostats, throttle assembly depending on the manufacturers engineering designs. Because of the location and functions, intake manifold assemblies experience constant stress from the engine vacuum pressure as direct heat from cylinder combustion gases, and the cylinder head. Figure 2: Evolution of Intake Manifold over the years[24] Until 1990s, most automotive intake manifold assemblies were made from Cast Iron because of lower cost, or from Aluminum which has lighter weight is required for performance/efficiency. Intake manifolds made from plastic began to gain popularity during 1990s because they offered lower weight and cost combined. They were Factory installed when auto-manufacturers figured out how to manufacture them so that they are durable enough to survive high stresses. [2] Aluminum is robust metal, but it has few drawbacks. Namely, 1.) It is cheaper to manufacture intake manifolds with advanced composite molding plants than cast out of Aluminum.2.) Composites have superior heat retention and heat resistance compared to Aluminum and other metals. This means that Phenolic spacers used in previous aluminum intakes are no longer required.3.) Smoother airflow with lower sidewall resistance compared to Aluminum casting, which requires high level of polishing to achieve same flow of air. However, there are few disadvantages:1.) Composites are more flexible, more prone to damage.2.) Composites or plastics are cheap and deemed unattractive. Dissimilar materials such as plastic, aluminum, and iron all have different expansion and contraction rates as they change temperature, so gaskets that provide a seal between an intake manifold and a metal cylinder head must be flexible and durable enough to withstand serious pulling and twisting forces. Early ones were not, and leaks resulted along with warpage under intense heat that eventually led to cracks. Therefore, composites offer several advantages. they saves money, reduces weight, ease of assembly, better insulation, improved airflow, excellent strength to weight ratio, and is recyclable. 1.2. Material Comparison [3] Properties comparison for PA6 (dry/humid), AL 6082 T6 and 316 stainless respectively: Yield strength (MPa): 80/45, 260, 290Elongation at failure (%): 70/200, 8, 50Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa): 85/48, 310, 579Charpy impact toughness (J/square cm): 0.7/8, 10.6, 134 1.3. Existing Material and Process Material: 319F Aluminum Cast Component: Aluminum Intake Manifold Process: Semi Permanent Mold Casting For a Manifold of an opposed cylinder layout, Intake Manifold alone weighs 4.5 kgs and with the Phenolic spacers it weighs 8.2 kgs. The casting is done by Gravity Tilt Pour process, which can achieve minute thickness upto 3mm. [4] 319F Aluminum is an alloy comprised of 6% Silicon and 3.5% Copper and Iron ( Table 1: Properties of 319F Aluminum [26] For Aluminum, permanent mold process can be utilized to have sand cores to create complex castings. Die castings cannot use cores made of sand. If cores are used in the permanent molding process, it is sometimes as called semi-permanent molding as the mold is permanent but new cores must be made for the next batch. Permanent mold casting is one of the low-cost method of producing any Aluminum casting. Generally, Permanent mold castings are better than simple sand castings when the factors like ultimate and yield strength are compared. They have better elongation, which is good for ductility. Even appearance of Aluminum in permanent mold castings is better than appearance of castings made from sand casting process, which translates that lesser machining and polishing is required after casting. The cast is made using a single core. The passageway core is made by coldbox process for making cores, main body core is a blown core type and the external core is made using semi-permanent mold process with three solid cores and one internal passageway core. Below is a picture of the finished Aluminum Air Intake Figure 3: Aluminum Air Intake [25] 1.4. Proposed Material and Manufacturing Process Material: A-6135 HN PPA(PolyPhthalAmide) Cast Component: Composite Intake Manifold Process: Thermoforming Nowadays, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) use PA6 or PA66 is used for intake manifolds. In the performance aftermarket, there is possible use of engine performance enhancers like nitrous oxide or turbocharging or supercharging, so perhaps a higher-grade composite would be more appropriate. A-6135 HN polyphthalamide (PPA) is a 35% glass reinforced resin which is heat stabilized. Main properties of this resin are high strength, high stiffness, and high heat resistance over a broad temperature range. It also exhibits low moisture absorption, good against chemical action and electrical properties. AMODEL A-6135 HSL polyphthalamide acts as a solution to both performance and processing requirements. At elevated temperature and humid conditions, the tensile strength of A-6135 resin is 20% stronger than nylon 6, and much stronger than nylon 66. The flexural modulus of this compound is a minimum of 20% greater than stiffness of nylon 6 or 66. [6] Figure 4: Tensile strength and Flexural strength comparison between composites [26] For current generation vehicles, plastic intake manifolds are made using the injection molding process. Thermoforming is explored as an alternative to injection molding for making intake manifold shells, which can then be joined by one of the welding techniques used for thermoplastic materials. There is now an increasing trend in integrating several components, such as fuel injection, in engine air/fuel modules. The assembly of these components is achieved via either snap fits or threaded fasteners. Increased integration is generally associated with increasing shape complexity. The advantages of shell design in the integration approach are lower number of fasteners required. Figure 5: Thermoformed Shell type vs Lost Core Design [27] 1.5. Thermoforming Figure 6: Shows thermoforming principle [28] It is a manufacturing process in which a plastic sheet is heated to a temperature where it melts and is flowable, to make molding into any predefined shape/pattern and the flash is trimmed to get the final product. Thinner gauges and other materials too are heated in an oven to high temperature which allows the film to stretch or mold and cooled to a final shape. In Thermoforming, Vacuum forming is the simplest method. [8] Press forming is another type of thermoforming process which is used in work like the sheet metal stamping. Matching metal die set is used here. Preheated plastic sheet is placed on the bottom die and the top die is lowered to close the mold. The hot Plastic sheet gets stretched as the mold closes and then drawn into the shape of die. The sheet is allowed to cool down to take its final shape. For Complex geometries, the component is divided into 2-3 layers where the molded parts can be assembled and held together by means of fasteners or adhesives. Figure 7: Dies used for Manufacturing Shell type Molding of Intake manifolds [29] Figure 8: Finished Air intake manifold made of PPA [30] Figure 9: Comparison of PPA and Aluminum intake manifolds [31] Automotive Pistons 2.1. Introduction In the cylinder of an engine, the energy of the fuel is converted into pressure and heat during the power stroke. The pressure and heat values increase rapidly within a short interval of time. The piston converts the same into mechanical work [9]. The pistons structure consists of piston crown, ring belt, skirt and piston boss as shown in Figure1.1. During the power stroke, the forces resulting from the combustion of fuel-air mixture are transferred from the piston crown to piston boss, piston pin, connecting rod and finally to the crankshaft [9]. Figure 10: Engine piston [9]. 2.2. Forces on piston The forces acting on the piston are, oscillating inertia forces of the piston and the connecting rod (FK), piston force in the direction of the connecting rod (FST) and lateral force or normal force (FS). During the working cycle, the direction of lateral force changes several times, which oscillates the piston from one end of the cylinder bore to the other, due to the existing piston clearance [9]. Figure 11: Forces on the piston [9]. 2.3. Temperatures in piston Temperature is an important parameter for the operational safety and service life of a piston. The exhaust gas temperatures, even though is present only for a short period, can exceed more than 2,200ÂÂ °C. In gasoline engines, the exhaust gas temperatures range between 800ÂÂ °C to 1,050ÂÂ °C, and 600ÂÂ °C to 850ÂÂ °C for diesel engines [9]. Figure 12:ÂÂ   Temperature distribution in a gasoline engine piston [9]. Figure 13:ÂÂ   Temperature distribution in a diesel engine piston [9]. 2.4. Failures of internal combustion engine pistons Failure of piston is one of the prime reasons for engine breakdown. The failure may occur at different mileage and operating conditions which are usually caused by material defects, engineering, and operational errors. Common causes of piston failures include: 1) insufficient cooling and lubrication of the piston, 2) thermal fatigue, 3) incorrect combustion process, 4) mechanical damage [10]. Figure 14 shows fusion of piston head and ring area in a gasoline engine. It is caused due to a phenomenon called hot bulb ignition occurring on the pistons, primarily on their heads, and in the larger flame extinguishing areas. The hot-bulb ignition occurs in the areas of combustion chamber, which have temperatures higher than the autoignition temperature of the air-fuel mixture. This causes the temperature of the piston head rapidly increase, soften, melt and fuse with the ring [10]. Fig. 14: Fusion of the piston head and the ring area [10]. Figure 15 illustrates a piston skirt seizure. From the figure, it is evident that piston skirt has completely seized. The dark coloring on the surface is due to rough and heavily over- ground abrasion spots. Causes for the failure include: 1) Overheating of the combustion chamber, 2) Poor lubrication, 3) Incorrect combustion process [10]. Fig. 15: Piston skirt seizure [10] Figure 15 illustrates propagation of fatigue crack of the piston pin along the semicircle. This fracture divides the piston head into two parts -as shown in Fig. 5. These are cracks due to excessive loads on the piston pin. The crack grows rapidly with poor lubrication and will ultimately result in the failure of the piston. Causes for the failure include: 1) Incorrect combustion process, mainly by delayed ignition, 2) incorrect starting of the cold engine, 3) hydraulic lock caused by water present in the fuel [10]. Fig: 16:ÂÂ   Crack in piston head and skirt [10]. 2.5. Materials Pistons are usually made of Aluminum and Aluminum alloys of eutectic, and partly hypereutectic composition which have high wear resistance. The most commonly used eutectic alloy is M124. Alloys such as M138 and M244 were used in two-stroke engine pistons, while M126 alloy was preferred in gasoline engines. The other recently developed alloys include M142, M145, and M174+, common composition of these alloys include elements of copper and nickel which provides high strength at elevated temperatures and thermal stability. The eutectic alloy M142 and M145 are used in gasoline engines, and the alloy M174+ in diesel engines. Aluminum Metal matrix composites are a new class of materials used in pistons which have superior properties than Aluminum alloys. These composites consist of Aluminum as metal matrix and SiC, Al2O3, TiC, TiB2, Graphite and certain other ceramics as reinforcements [9]. Table 2: Chemical composition of MAHLE Aluminum piston alloys (percent by weight) [9]. Elements M124 M126 M138 M244 AlSi12CuMgNi AlSi16CuMgNi AlSi18CuMgNi AlSi25CuMgNi Si 11.0-13.0 14.8-18.0 17.0-19.0 23.0-26.0 Cu 0.8-1.5 0.8-1.5 0.8-1.5 0.8-1.5 Mg 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.3 Ni 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.3 0.8-1.3 Fe max. 0.7 max. 0.7 max. 0.7 max. 0.7 Mn max. 0.3 max. 0.3 max. 0.3 max. 0.3 Ti max. 0.2 max. 0.2 max. 0.2 max. 0.2 Zn max3 0.3 max3 0.3 max3 0.3 max3 0.3 Cr max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 Al remainder remainder remainder remainder Table 3: Chemical composition of MAHLE Aluminum piston alloys (percent by weight) [9]. Elements M142 M145 M174+ AlSi12Cu3Ni2Mg AlSi15Cu3Ni2Mg AlSi12Cu4Ni2Mg Si 11.0-13.0 14.0-16.0 11.0-13.0 Cu 2.5-4.0 2.5-4.0 3.-5.0 Mg 0.5-1.2 0.5-1.2 0.5-1.2 Ni 1.75-3.0 1.75-3.0 1.0-3.0 Fe max. 07 max. 07 max. 07 Mn max. 0.3 max. 0.3 max. 0.3 Ti max. 0.2 max. 0.2 max. 0.2 Zn max. 0.3 max. 0.3 max. 0.3 Zr max. 0.2 max. 0.2 max. 0.2 V max. 0.18 max. 0.18 max. 0.18 Cr max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 Al remainder remainder remainder 2.6. Current manufacturing process 2.6.1. Permanent Mold Aluminum Pistons Permanent mold is one of the oldest and common process used for manufacturing pistons. It consists of steel mold with single or multi-piece inner cores to create various intricate features of the piston.ÂÂ   This process is a relatively cheap for high volume for a justifiable tooling cost. Parts can be made of various alloys with improved strength at elevated temperatures. High tooling cost and porosity are the main disadvantages of permanent mold process [11]. 2.6.2. Forged Aluminum Pistons Pistons are forged for obtaining high performance, large bore, and increased strength.ÂÂ   Heated solid cylindrical aluminum blank is pressed into a die to create piston. The process yields low defective rate, increased ductility, and fracture toughness [11]. 2.6.3. Billet machined pistons Billet machined pistons are machined from the same wrought aluminum materials which are used in piston forging.ÂÂ   Billet machined pistons have high surface finish and has no tooling cost. The main disadvantage of this process is high cost [11]. 2.7. Improved materials: Aluminum-Graphite composites were primarily used for automotive antifriction applications. Low cost, good machinability, improved damping capacity are the main advantages of this composite. Aluminum-Graphite composites can be fabricated from various casting processes such as permanent mold casting, squeeze casting, centrifugal casting, and pressure die casting. Pistons made of Aluminum-Graphite composites exhibit properties like, low wear, minimal frictional loss, and elimination of seizure from poor lubrication [12]. Aluminum-Silicon Carbide composites have excellent specific strength, specific modulus and wear resistance. The amount of SiC determines the effect of coefficient of thermal expansion, higher the SiC content, lower the coefficient of thermal expansion. Conventional casting processes such as sand casting, permanent mold casting, investment casting and squeeze casting are used in manufacturing these composites [12]. 2.8. Analysis of aluminum and Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide pistons Firstly, a CAD model of a piston is built in CATIA V6, and is structurally and thermally analyzed using ANSYS 14.0 software [13]. Figure 17: Modeling of Piston and complete assembly [13]. 2.8.1. Aluminum composition. Table 4: Show the chemical composition of aluminum [13]. Elements Composition Si 0.10 Fe 0.20 Zn 0.03 Ga 0.04 V 0.03 Others 0.10 Aluminum 99.5 2.8.2. Aluminum Material properties. Table 5: Shows the material properties of Aluminum [13] [14]. Youngs Modulus 70000 MPa Poissons ratio 0.35 Density 2.7e-006 kg mm-3 Thermal conductivity 0.237 W mm-1 C-1 Bulk Modulus 77778 MPa Shear Modulus 25926 MPa Coefficient of thermal expansion 2.48e-005C-1 2.8.3. Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide composition. Table 6: Show the chemical composition of the aluminum alloy (6063) [13]. Elements Composition Elements Composition Si 0.4430 Zn 0.0001 Fe 0.1638 Cr 0.0024 Cu 0.0041 Ti 0.0078 Mg 0.5832 Ca 0.0003 Mn 0.0132 Al 98.751 To obtain the composite silicon carbide powder (15% by weight) is added to the aluminum alloy (6063). For example, 150g of silicon carbide is added to every 1kg of aluminum alloy (6063) [13]. 2.8.4. Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide composite material properties: Table 7: Shows the material properties of Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide composite [13] [15]. Youngs Modulus 230Gpa Poissons ratio 0.24 Density 2.937e-006 kg mm^-3 Thermal conductivity 0.197 W mm^-1 C^-1 Bulk Modulus 1.4744e+005 MPa Shear Modulus 92742 MPa Coefficient of thermal expansion 0.7e-005C-1 Figure 18: Mesh Model of Piston [13]. 2.8.5. Thermal Analysis Thermal analysis is a technique which analyses the variation of physical properties of a substance as a function of temperature [13]. Figure 19: Thermal boundary conditions applied to piston [13]. Figure 20: Temperature Distribution in Aluminum piston [13]. Figure 21: Temperature Distribution in Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide piston [13]. Figure 22: Total Heat Flux in Aluminum piston [13]. Figure 23: Total Heat Flux in Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide piston [13]. 2.8.6. Static Structural Analysis A static structural analysis helps in determining displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in structures or components. The loads do not take inertia and damping effects in consideration. Assumption: Steady state loading conditions i.e., variation of loads and response of structure are varied slowly with respect to time [13]. Figure 24: Fixed Support Model of piston [13]. Fig 25: Total Deformation on Aluminum piston [13]. Figure 26: Total Deformation on Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide piston [13]. Figure 27: Equivalent Stress Distribution in Aluminum Piston [13]. Figure 28: Equivalent Stress Distribution In Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide Piston [13]. 2.9. COMPARISON: 2.9.1. Results of static structural analysis Table 8: Shows the Results of static structural analysis of two pistons [13]. Material Total Deformation Equivalent Stress Equivalent strain Al 0.19052 mm 683.22 MPa 0.00976 mm/mm AlSiC 0.060777 mm 703.54 MPa 0.0030589 mm/mm From the above table, Aluminum-Silicon-Carbide composite has lesser deformation, lesser equivalent strain [13]. However, the equivalent stress of the composite piston is higher than Aluminum piston and this can be reduced by redesigning the stress concentration areas of the piston 2.9.2. Results of thermal analysis Table 9: Shows the Results of thermal analysis of two pistons [13]. Material Temperature Total Heat Flux Al

Creationism Vs Evolution: Through The Eyes Of Jay Gould :: essays research papers

Creationism vs Evolution: Through The Eyes of Jay Gould It has been over 100 years since English naturalist Charles Darwin first told the world his revolutionary concept about how livings things develop. Evolution through natural selection and adaptation was the basis of his argument as it remains to this day a debated subject by many. Across this nation, a "return" to "traditional" values has also brought the return of age old debated topics. One issue that truly separates Americans is the issue of creation versus evolution. Since the 19th century, this divisive topic has been debated in school boards and state capitols across America. In many instances religious fundamentalists won the day by having banned the instruction or even the mention of "ungodly" evolutionary thinking in schools. With today’s social and political climate, this question is back with greater force than ever. This is why this subject is more important now than ever. In Jay Gould’s book The Panda’s Thumb, an overview of and an argument for Charles Darwin’s evolutionary thinking is conducted with flowing thoughts and ideas. This essay titled "Natural Selection and the Human Brain: Darwin vs. Wallace" takes a look directly at two hard fought battles between evolutionists and creationists. Using sexual selection and the origins of human intellect as his proponents, Gould argues his opinion in the favor of evolutionary thought. In this essay titled "Natural Selection and The Human Brain: Darwin vs. Wallace," Gould tells about the contest between Darwin and another prominent scientist named Alfred Wallace over two important subjects. These topics, one being sexual selection and the other about the origins of the human brain and intellect were debated by men who generally held the same views on evolution. However on these two subjects, Wallace chose to differ as he described it as his "special heresy" (53). The first of these two areas of debate between the two men was the question of "sexual selection." Darwin theorized that there laid two types of sexual selection. First a competition between males for access to females and second the choice "exercised by females themselves" (51). In this, Darwin attributed racial differences among modern human beings to sexual selection "based upon different criteria of beauty that arose among various peoples" (51). Wallace, however, disputed the suggestion of female choice. He believed that animals were highly evolved and beautiful works of art, not allowing the suggestion of male competition to enter his mind. The debate of sexual selection was but a mere precursor to a much more famous and important question . . . the question of the origins of the human mind.

Reflection of Clinical Observation Experience Essay

I am a nursing student from Australian Catholic University. This role play is about the vital signs. Now, I am going to write a reflective write about the video of my role play of TPR which is a part of assignment and done by me and my other two friends. Firstly, in my video when I play a nurse role, first of all I asked about the patient’s condition such as how are you today. I also make the eye contact while taking to patient. But this is my first time to take vital signs. I found more challenging than my expectations while I communicate the patient. Verbal and nonverbal communication is a part of communication between patient and nurse. (Hamilton, 2007). But I forget to introduce myself to the patient. I realise that is my first mistake to communicate with patient. Secondly, I washed my hand properly before taking the patient vital signs. Alcohol based hand rub is simply most useful intervention in controlling infection (Australian commission on safety and quality in healthcare, 2009). When I go near to the patient I prepare each and every thing what nurses needed while taking vital signs. Such as patients recording file, pen and instrument for taking vital signs. Furthermore, before I start to check the patient I did make sure the she is the right patient or not which is written in her name, date of birth, MRN number and the doctor name in her hand band. I have always assumed that it is a simple process but I found that my expectation were far from my contract. Thirdly, I start to take the vital signs but before that I asked the permission from the patient. â€Å"Vital signs refer to the measurement of a patient’s temperature, pulse respiration and blood pressure. Vital signs commonly include temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate which are used to access the most essential body function (Stomski, 2009). Firstly, I start from to take the patient’s temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate .and blood pressure and records in the patient’s file. However, while taking the blood pressure I have to support patient’s hand by pillow or hand which I forgot at that moment. After that mistake I determined I never do that mistake in my profession. Finally, when I finished taking the vital signs I appreciate to the patient thank you for your Participation. After finished my role play I realise participation word is not appropriate. Instead of that I have to say thank you for your cooperation. I feel this is the best way to communicate between nurse and patient. I have always believed that the elderly do very little with their time. I found a positive aspect about the elderly – even though they are old, the patients were creatively active by own choice which makes them busy and so they have happy existence. In the low care unit people were doing recreational work such as painting and stick picture and cartoon on the paper. I found health professionals were polite and friendly with the patients. I also found patience in the staff and the patient when they are communicating with each other. The health professionals encourage patients to speak and genuinely interested in client’s word and encourage them to converse. This interaction impressed me a lot and I learned a new lesson how to motivate people. I am glad I went on this field visit because it demonstrated to me many positive qualities – most importantly, the empathy that I will need to have in order to be a skilled and caring nurse. . Moreover, right patient, right place and right way of taking the vital signs is also part of nursing skills. Also comfortable between patient and nurse is very important. Reference Australian commission on safety and quality in healthcare. (2009). National Hand aaaaaaHygiene Program Aims To Halve Hospital Superbug Infections. Retrieve from aaaaa http://www.health.gov.au/internet/safety/publishing.nsf Hamilton, S.J., Martin, D.J. (2007). Clinical Development: A Framework for effective aaaaaacommunication skills. Nursing Times. Retrieved from aaaaaahttp://www.nursingtimes.net/whats-new-in-nursing/296359.article Stomski,N (2009). Vital Signs. The Joanna Briggs Institute 25(3),1-5.

Irving Fisher

BIOGRAPHY 20. 1  Irving Fisher  (1867 -1947) Irving Fisher was born at Saugerties, New York, the son of a Congregational minister. As did his father, Fisher studied at Yale. Mathematics was his favorite subject. He won first prize in a math contest even as a freshman; his doctoral dissertation,Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices  (1892), was a landmark in the development of mathematical economics. This dissertation won immediate praise from no lesser figures than Francis Y.Edgeworth and Vilfredo Pareto, two renowned economists. Some 55 years later, Ragnar Frisch (eventual winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Economic Science) would say about Fisher: â€Å"He has been anywhere from a decade to two generations ahead of his time †¦. it will be hard to find any single work that has been more influential than Fisher's dissertation. † It is no wonder that Fisher was a full professor of political economy at Yale within seven years of graduation. He s tayed there during his entire career.Fisher's main contributions lie in the theory of utility and consumer choice, the theory of interest and capital, and the theory of statistics (index numbers, distributed lags). These contributions are reflected in such works as  The Nature of Capital and Income  (1906),  The Theory of Interest  (1907),  The Purchasing Power of Money  (1911) -a great pioneering venture in econometrics – and  The Making of Index Numbers  (1922). In the  Making of Index Numbers, Fisher tested many of the formulas introduced in this chapter by the criteria also discussed here.The few formulas that got superlative ratings (such as the  Edgeworth index  and Fisher's own  ideal index) include quantity (or price) weights from  both  of the time periods or geographic areas involved in the price (or quantity) comparison that is being made. However, the inclusion of two sets of weights tends to make the construction of such indexes costly , which is the major reason why these highly rated indexes are rarely used. (One exception: The Bureau of Foreign Commerce of the U. S.Department of Commerce calculates monthly quantity indexes of exports and imports using Fisher's formula. ) The works cited above established Fisher's reputation as the country's greatest scientific economist. As such, he served as president of the American Economic Association and was a founder and the first president of the Econometric Society. He also played a major role in the establishment of the Cowles Foundation (now at Yale) as a means to nurture mathematical and quantitative research in economics.

The Fire and EMS Training

The Fire and EMS Training Introduction There are various ways in which technology can affect the Fire and EMS training in the next ten years. There will be need for more training facilities for training of students who would like to become fire and EMS graduates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Fire and EMS Training specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will be done to meet the stringent national standards for Fire and EMS education going into effect in ten years to come. The training will require experienced fire and EMS experts who have knowledge on the advanced use of the Internet tools. This will be used in training the graduates in order to fit in the new and advanced technologies (Thomas, pg. 9). Again, advanced equipment for training will be required, and this will raise the cost of training. Technology in fire administration Agencies leverage technology to deliver training by providing opportunities for the EMS graduates to gain e xperience. First, for agencies to deliver training, they should leverage training by tracking hazards, management of disasters, and emergency cases found. Secondly, there is the identification of hazards, knowing the needs of the population agency, obtaining information on building assessment, and assessing the interface of wild land and urban centers. Thirdly, the agencies should be involved in handling of administrative issues like research, supervision and relations of labor, and management in terms fire and EMS. This will assist the agencies to survey long term ability so as to be able to support change efforts. In addition, the agencies should preplan and conduct inspections that relate to fire. They should have location trackers to facilitate their operations (Thomas, pg. 5).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Again, the agencies can leverage technology throug h total evaluation of courses for the training; keeping records of all training sessions, making use of computer based learning facilities and good management of the training programs used in training. Also, leveraging of technology can be achieved through implementation and use of emergency communication systems, coming up with stations locations and analysis of post incident, meshing of network and analysis of deployment with fire and EMS training departments. Finally, for the agencies to achieve the leveraging of technology in order to deliver training there should be good management of funds within the training departments, tracking of inventory assets and conducing of meetings which enhance the training provision and improvement of training courses(Thomas, pg. 8). Research should also be conducted on intra and interoperability, and analyzing of the records of participation in the training of fire and EMS training. Conclusion The future of EMS is based on the availability of suf ficient and competent agencies as well as advanced training equipment and facilities. Besides the science of what the experts in fire and EMS training do, the curriculum for the overall training will require more time in the future than the usual time. Interoperability will have been improved as a means of improving the overall training. This will ease the communication of fire and EMS agencies and agencies in the surrounding jurisdictions. With this in place, the agencies will be confident to deal with interoperability situations like use of radio languages for easy communication. Agencies will be able to make use of plain English rather than a system of codes for easy communication with other organizations. The fire and EMS will have an EMS process management to cater for all stake holders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Fire and EMS Training specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will also have information and analysis department which deals with analysis of the EMS results. Again it will have a human resource and development department, as well as strategic planning to ensure efficiency. Thomas, John. Determining the fire/EMS training needs in a combined dispatch center. n.d. Web. https://www.usfa.fema.gov/

Definition of Meteor Shower

Definition of Meteor Shower How does a meteor shower occur? The Solar system is made up of the Sun and the nine Planets which revolve around the Sun. The moon, asteroids, comets, dust and sun are other component of the Solar System. The sun attracts all the other objects towards it due to its high gravitational force. A meteor shower takes place when the earth collides with particles as it moves around the sun.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Meteor Shower specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are dust and ice particles found in the solar system which remained from comets which occurred long time ago. The components of a comet include sand, ice and gravel particles. When a comet passes near the sun, its surface heats up. This leads to the release of some particles as well as evaporation of ice. A comet has two tails, one made of dust and the other one gas (Seeds and Backman 2). As the earth rotates around the sun, it comes into c ontact with these dirty particles. When the earth crosses the remains of a comet, there is usually a friction between the air and these particles which makes them to heat up and then a glow is observed. Normally, a meteor is observes as a bright stretch of light in the sky. A meteor can be observed during any night of the year. The duration of time taken by a meteor shower varies. A meteor shower can take a minute, day or even several days. The duration of time is determined by the width of the dust trail. Wide dust trails take more time than narrow ones. Sunlight and solar wind particles composed of hot ions which move at a high speed blow away dust particles from the orbit of the Comet. The distance depends on the size of the particle. Small particles are moved far away from the Comet Orbit. When the dust trail is broadened, it takes the earth along time before it can cross it (Seeds and Backman 12). Why are the times of a meteor shower predictable? The occurrence of a meteor show er is predictable. People are aware of the specific time around which they occur. The Earth takes the same path each year as it rotates around the sun. Since the sun follows the same path, it passes through the same trail of debris at a particular time of the year. Meteor showers take place during this particular time. This has made it easy for people to determine when a meteor shower is likely to happen and at what time of the day. Many meteor showers take place throughout the year (Seeds and Backman 22).Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What is the probability of a meteor shower becoming a meteorite? When a meteor shower passes through the earth’s atmosphere and strikes the ground, it becomes a meteorite. It has been observed that most of the meteorites are rocks. Most of the meteor showers completely get burned on the atmosphere before reaching the surface of earth. This is because they are usually small particles which are consumed within a short period of time. Scientific research has indicated that there is no evidence of a meteor shower which has ever reached the surface of earth. This is evidence that comet dust is made up of very small particles. Based on the above information, it is true to say that a meteor shower is not a probable source of a meteorite. This is because rarely do meteor showers hit the ground (Seeds and Backman 32). Work Cited Seeds, Michael and Backman, Dana. Perspectives on Astronomy. New York: Cengage Learning, 2007.Print.

Apologia Marine Essay Example for Free

Apologia Marine Essay 1. Definitions a. Metabolism- The process by whichc a living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain itself, develop and grow. b. Photosynthesis-the process by which an organism uses the energy from the sun to produce its own food c. Autotrophs- organisms that are able to produce their own food d. Heterotrophs- organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms e. respiration — the process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functions f. homeostasis — the tendency of living organisms to control or regulate changes in their internal environment g. diffusion — the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration h. osmosis — the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane i. osmoconformer — and organisms that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water j. Osmo regulator — an organism that regulates its internal concentration of salts k. Poikilotherm- an organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environment l. ectotherm — an organism whose body temperature is controlled by its surrounding environment m. homeotherm- an animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own heating and cooling of mechanisms n. Endotherm- an animal whose internal body temperature is a result of internal sources of heat o. a sexual reproduction — reproduction accomplished by a single organism p. sexual reproduction — reproduction that involves the union of gametes from two organisms: a male and a female q. binomial nomenclature — identifying an organism by a genus and species name 2. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids 3. oxygen levels would be lower at night than during the day 4. no, they must feed on extra material made by photos synthesizing plants 5. no, both groups containing organisms like that 6. population 7. water will travel through osmosis to the outside 8. the body fluids would change. There would be more concentration of  dissolved substances in the body 9. no. They could have warm blood if their environment is warm 10. yes 11. no 12. the plant from the cutting 13. the cell with 24 chromosomes 14. the cell with 12 chromosomes 15. yes Apologia Marine. (2016, Mar 10). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Pharmacokinetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pharmacokinetics - Essay Example Ceftriaxone is classified as a third and fourth-generation cephalosporins. This spectrum of third and fourth-generation cephalosporins varies considerably and before administration, it is important to confirm based on culture and susceptibility testing before use. They are active against a broad range of gram-negative bacteria and moderately active against gram-positive bacteria’s. Ceftriaxone has a molecular weight of 661.59 with a chemical formula of C18H16N8Na2O7S3†¢3.5H2O. This formula has been illustrated below. The drug is a white to yellowish powder in crystalline form that is readily soluble when put in water, partly soluble in methanol and ethanol. Its PH of a 1 percent aqueous solution is 6.7. However, its color is bound to change depending on its length of storage, the concentration utilized as well as the diluent. It is provided in vials containing 10 grams of the drug to be reconstituted (Garot et al. 2011, p. 760). The drugs average plasma concentration after administration following a 30 minutes intramuscular administration of a 0.5 (350 mg/ml or 250mg/ml) or 1gram dosage and intravenous administration of 0.5, 1 and 2 grams dosage is illustrated in Table 1 below. From the illustration, it is clear that the drug is completely absorbed following intramuscular administration. The mean maximum concentration of the drug occurs between 2 to 3 hours after the drug administration. Thus following an intramuscular administration it is completely absorbed with a T  max of 2-3 hours (Blumer 1991, p. 52). It is distributed in most of the fluids in the body i.e. bones, kidneys, biliary tract, joints and lungs. 33 to 67 percent of the drug is execrated in urine as an unchanged while the rest is secreted in the bile and found in feces as inactive drug compounds. The drug elimination half-life over a 0.15 to 3 g dosage ranges from 5.8 to 8.7 hours. The drug apparent volume of distribution ranges from 5.78 to 13.5 L, a plasma clearance of 0.58 to 1.45

Typical Day in the Life of Middle Class Family Essay

Typical Day in the Life of Middle Class Family - Essay Example As she got out of bed, her maid Anne, walked in bearing a tray of coffee and wished her good morning. She replied rather distantly, her mind already on the various things she had to prepare for this week. Amelia, her youngest daughter, really needed a governess. She needed to learn a little discipline and decorum. After all what was overlooked in India wouldn't do here. She was only eight it was true, but London society was very different. The child had been allowed to run a little wild in India what with her ayah and the various servants around. I'll talk to Susan today and see what she recommends, she thought , as she was helped into her corset by Anne. The maid laid out her morning dress on the bed as Mrs. Bentham got into her stockings and donned the various layers of petticoats that would hold up her skirts. Walking downstairs she ran a slightly critical fingertip over the statuary in the niche on the landing and frowned at the light layer of dust that covered it. Downstairs she found her housekeeper, Mrs. Lovell waiting for her to discuss the weeks menus. "I've spoken to Charles ma'am and I think it would be better to order the fish from another man. I don't think the man's to be trusted at all these days. I had to return the plaice today; it wasn't fresh at all." The housekeeper said. She continued into the dining room, where... "Yes'm". She continued into the dining room, where she found her husband already at breakfast. She sighed as he folded his newspaper and smiled at her. He was a man who was used to activity and enjoyed solving problems. The years in India as a district judge had suited him. Now, upon his return to London, he was more than a little lost in the life expected of a man of his class. He was a regular in his club where he enjoyed long discussions on politics and science, but she knew that he secretly longed for a far more challenging practice of law than his genteel clientele of upper - middle class personages allowed. Lately, he had been hinting of his wish to handle some rather disreputable cases from the lower classes of London. "Well, I've finally got my hands on it," he said waving a book at her. "What dear" "Darwin's treatise on the origin of species. Heard so much about it, that I thought I should order it from Jones. Now perhaps I can argue with that old fool Samuels." "I really wish you wouldn't dear", she replied, perturbed. "After all, he's as much right to believe in God as anyone does. And I heard that this is really preposterous, claiming we arose from animals and so on." "Good morning, Papa, Mamma.", chimed a voice from the door. The couple looked up to their eldest daughter Lydia, tripping in , in a pretty pink-sprigged dress. She was nineteen and pretty and had been a great success in London's society since they had returned six months ago. As Mrs. Bentham looked at her, her thoughts went to the problem of getting her married well. It was high time, now that there was so much interest in her. The girl needed a new opera gown and then there was the

Evidence-based Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-based Practice - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that PICOT refers to a formula that is designed to answer focused clinical questions concerning a given target population or a fundamental issue for nursing research. PICOT was developed to enhance the efforts of establishing an evidence-based practice in nursing. PICOT calls for continued research to improve the body of knowledge and base the current nursing practice on sound scientific research. PICOT will help to maintain the status of nursing as a professional and autonomous career. PICOT is an acronym that is used by clinicians when carrying out clinical research. This method of evidence-based clinical research promotes understanding among the researchers. The letter â€Å"p† stands for the study population. The letter â€Å"I† refers to the clinical intervention and its variables. The letter â€Å"C† is the comparison with a placebo while â€Å"O† refers to the outcome of the process after a particular inte rvention. The letter â€Å"T† refers to the time taken for an outcome of a nursing intervention can achieve an objective. In a patient with an abscess that has been recurring for six months, does prophylactic antibiotic treatment, compared to no treatment, reduce the rate of recurrence? The PICO (T) elements are; P = Patients with recurrent abscess I = Prophylactic antibiotic treatment C = No antibiotic treatment O = Decline in the high rate of recurrence of the abscess T = Six months

The Media of Diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Media of Diaspora - Essay Example The common notion of a globalised world is that it is composed of governmental organizations and big corporations, but this is not always the case as shown by large segments of the global population living in countries not their own but merely adopted. It gave the notion or concept of a movement that is â€Å"globalisation from below† and dispelled conventional wisdom also that a diaspora refers to the Jewish people only or exclusively. Discussion There are significantly large numbers of people living in other countries today due to the advent of modern forms of travel, such as the steamships and airplanes, which made travel easier and much cheaper. Prof. Karim H. Karim has sought to spotlight the public discourse on this growing number of people who uproot themselves to move to another country which he calls as transnational groups. These groups in turn use a variety of media to communicate and keep in touch with the original communities in their home countries, using various forms of communications such as postal mail, telephone, fax, satellite television, audiotapes, video cassette tapes and with the Internet, through e-mails and chat groups (Karim 1). The main purpose of Prof. Karim is to examine how these transnational groups have utilized various communication tools at their disposal and what the social effects are on them. The study of diapora today has been expanded from its previous closed set of characteristics to a broader definition in terms of its social scientific parameters regarding human dispersals. Some of the main points or arguments raised by Prof. Karim are that diasporas do not fit nicely into a neat definition at all times, except perhaps their common feature of being powerless in a foreign land; but even this definition does not hold true in all instances, as there are exceptions to this, such as ethnic groups which ended up as ruling elites, as in some Caribbean nations. A common misconception likewise dispelled by Prof. Karim is that diasporas are not exclusively among Asians, Africans or Latin Americans only but also include some of white ethnic groups such as Greeks, Macedonians, Italians and white Rhodesians, although these groups may have an easier time in assimilating because they are also white like the majority of Anglo-Saxons. The key marker or characteristic of a diasporas’ group is a non-dominant position in the global cultural context. Within this definition, the worldwide community of Muslims can be included because they do not have much access to global communications networks such as the CNN or the Reuters news organization like what other groups or main majority of citizens have. Diaspora does not pertain only to people going out of their native countries, as it is also applicable to indigenous peoples who have been displaced (or forcibly removed) from the traditional homelands they had previously occupied for centuries. The definition applies to the Inuit natives of Alaska and other parts of the Arctic circle who had remained within boundary of their countries but not in the earlier same exact geographical location (ibid. 2) and a clear manifestation of this condition is being â€Å"de-territorialised† as a nation of people. Pursuant to this longing for an ancestral homeland, many diaspora groups end up claiming certain lands in other territories despite some conflicting claims on it, like Israel in

Physical and Social Developement of Adolescents Issues Essay

Physical and Social Developement of Adolescents Issues - Essay Example This paper aims at exploring different issues related to physical and social development of adolescents and the impact of those developmental changes on them. The adolescence period is featured by dramatic physiological changes that in practice leading them to move forward from a child to an adult. Hence, adolescence period is a transitional period, where an individual reaches to the physical maturity. This period distinguishes among males and females quite evidently by developing sexual characteristics, however, the secondary sexual characteristics become visible during prepubescent period. In the prepubescent period, a female may begin to develop her breast buds around the age of 8 years, which take the mature shape with full breast development during late adolescent phase. Apart from that, public hair growth - armpit and leg - has been observed during 9 to 10 years, where the distribution pattern becomes prevalent at the age of 13 to 14 years. Another significant physical change occurs in adolescent females with the menarche2. In general, the menarche occurs after 2 years of prepubescent changes. A female may undergo menarche at early at the age of 10 years and as late as 15 years. However, the puberty is not identified with a sudden onset of pubertal changes in case of males, as it happens with females with menstrual changes. In case of males, the scrotal and testicular changes occur during 9 years of age along with a lengthening of penis size, whereas it reaches to its adult size around 15 - 16 years of age. Public hair growth in the areas of armpit, leg and face is noted at the age of 12 years, whereas it reaches to its adult distribution at the age of 15 to 16 years. The occurrence of nocturnal emissions3 in around every 2 weeks interval consisting of seminal fluid may define the onset of puberty among male adolescents. This typically occurs during the age of 13 years to 17 years. A contemporaneous brisk of growth in height is noticed between ages of around 10.5 to 11 years and 16 to 18 years, with a peak period characterized around the age of 14 years. Another significant change in males occurs with the changes in voice which is usually parallel to penile development, whereas the occurrence of nocturnal emissions corresponds with the peak period of height spurt. Social Development The radical and dynamic changes both at physical and psychological level throughout the adolescent period make it typically distinct from other phases of development. An adolescent, irrespective of gender, experiences an individualized form of self consciousness, sensitivity about the surrounding environment and an increased concern over one's own body image along with excruciating evaluation between own self and peers. An important aspect of the psychosocial development contributing to the adolescence period is adolescent egocentrism. According to Elkind (1967), adolescent egocentrism includes a belief system carried by adolescents that makes them to consider as special and unique which is accompanied with the accomplishment of new psychological abilities. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized with an imaginary audience with an increased self consciousness. Adolescents consider that their people in their surrounding areas, especially peers, observe their activities,

Evidence-based Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-based Practice - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that PICOT refers to a formula that is designed to answer focused clinical questions concerning a given target population or a fundamental issue for nursing research. PICOT was developed to enhance the efforts of establishing an evidence-based practice in nursing. PICOT calls for continued research to improve the body of knowledge and base the current nursing practice on sound scientific research. PICOT will help to maintain the status of nursing as a professional and autonomous career. PICOT is an acronym that is used by clinicians when carrying out clinical research. This method of evidence-based clinical research promotes understanding among the researchers. The letter â€Å"p† stands for the study population. The letter â€Å"I† refers to the clinical intervention and its variables. The letter â€Å"C† is the comparison with a placebo while â€Å"O† refers to the outcome of the process after a particular inte rvention. The letter â€Å"T† refers to the time taken for an outcome of a nursing intervention can achieve an objective. In a patient with an abscess that has been recurring for six months, does prophylactic antibiotic treatment, compared to no treatment, reduce the rate of recurrence? The PICO (T) elements are; P = Patients with recurrent abscess I = Prophylactic antibiotic treatment C = No antibiotic treatment O = Decline in the high rate of recurrence of the abscess T = Six months

Physical and Social Developement of Adolescents Issues Essay

Physical and Social Developement of Adolescents Issues - Essay Example This paper aims at exploring different issues related to physical and social development of adolescents and the impact of those developmental changes on them. The adolescence period is featured by dramatic physiological changes that in practice leading them to move forward from a child to an adult. Hence, adolescence period is a transitional period, where an individual reaches to the physical maturity. This period distinguishes among males and females quite evidently by developing sexual characteristics, however, the secondary sexual characteristics become visible during prepubescent period. In the prepubescent period, a female may begin to develop her breast buds around the age of 8 years, which take the mature shape with full breast development during late adolescent phase. Apart from that, public hair growth - armpit and leg - has been observed during 9 to 10 years, where the distribution pattern becomes prevalent at the age of 13 to 14 years. Another significant physical change occurs in adolescent females with the menarche2. In general, the menarche occurs after 2 years of prepubescent changes. A female may undergo menarche at early at the age of 10 years and as late as 15 years. However, the puberty is not identified with a sudden onset of pubertal changes in case of males, as it happens with females with menstrual changes. In case of males, the scrotal and testicular changes occur during 9 years of age along with a lengthening of penis size, whereas it reaches to its adult size around 15 - 16 years of age. Public hair growth in the areas of armpit, leg and face is noted at the age of 12 years, whereas it reaches to its adult distribution at the age of 15 to 16 years. The occurrence of nocturnal emissions3 in around every 2 weeks interval consisting of seminal fluid may define the onset of puberty among male adolescents. This typically occurs during the age of 13 years to 17 years. A contemporaneous brisk of growth in height is noticed between ages of around 10.5 to 11 years and 16 to 18 years, with a peak period characterized around the age of 14 years. Another significant change in males occurs with the changes in voice which is usually parallel to penile development, whereas the occurrence of nocturnal emissions corresponds with the peak period of height spurt. Social Development The radical and dynamic changes both at physical and psychological level throughout the adolescent period make it typically distinct from other phases of development. An adolescent, irrespective of gender, experiences an individualized form of self consciousness, sensitivity about the surrounding environment and an increased concern over one's own body image along with excruciating evaluation between own self and peers. An important aspect of the psychosocial development contributing to the adolescence period is adolescent egocentrism. According to Elkind (1967), adolescent egocentrism includes a belief system carried by adolescents that makes them to consider as special and unique which is accompanied with the accomplishment of new psychological abilities. Adolescent egocentrism is characterized with an imaginary audience with an increased self consciousness. Adolescents consider that their people in their surrounding areas, especially peers, observe their activities,

Treatment of Folk Illnesses Essay Example for Free

Treatment of Folk Illnesses Essay The world offers every people a chance to be sick due to some of the outside factors that can harm someone else’s health. There are hazards for the lungs like pollution and for the stomach which are the bacteria and microorganisms that are prevalent everywhere. Even with the body parts of a human being, one can already find some threats that can cause cholera or diarrhea in their faces or hands where there is staphylococcal party if not reproduction their colonies. Of course regarding some diseases, there are many classical methods that the old people think would help cure these hazards to health. There are also many documents that support the researchers’ views about the different ways our ancestors deal with their sicknesses before. Using the reference mentioned below, we can see that there are already developments in our ancestors’ way of thinking that they are devising strategies in order to cure their own illnesses by the naturally occurring cures that can be seen elsewhere then. Say, garlic is used to treat hypertension and oregano is used as an expectorant which I think is still effective until today. The concept of having a set of ready to pick and ready-made medicines gave the early people especially in Mexico that whatever disease they might be getting in the atmosphere or environment is curable and can easily be neglected after some time. However for this mind set, there might be some difficulties and disadvantages given that we already have technological diseases also. These conditions can be from the improvement and development of the facilities that we are using nowadays. The causes of disease in the present time are from complex matters such as chemical intoxication and suffocation due to the complexity of course of the activities we do everyday. These diseases might not be cured immediately by the set of the native way our old fellows treat their conflicts or struggles regarding their health. As what is already mentioned, the use of garlic as antibiotic is still useful. In fact the safety of using it was ranked with three positive signs, however, for extreme reasons, a bulb of garlic will not be enough to lower the blood pressure of a person. Hence, medical treatment is already needed in order to provide the patient the right medication and avoid the risk of killing him/her. For all we know, hypertension is also related with heart attack and some fatal heart disease. If in case there are some patients who got their diseases using the folk style of treating illnesses, it is still important that the doctor will have a set of explanations that will make the patient understand wholeheartedly that the old way of seeking for cure is not effective with their diseases. There should be some ready-answers so that the doctor will find it easy to make them understand and appreciate the modern way of curing. It will also be helpful if the doctor will be very careful of delivering the message to the patient not offending their traditions on using some herbs to medicate them. The patient in turn should be ready to accept the information a doctor might give him/her since he/she in the first place consulted or chose to seek for a doctor’s help. Health is an important aspect in a human’s life. It is a source of the driving force of every man that will enable them to pursue each day with joy and gladness. Folk style medication is as good as the modern medicine as long as people who use it understand how it works and how it is applied with every single disease corresponding to one substance or case. But as what many doctors say, it is really better to seek advice from experts who have already studied the concepts, what-about’s, how-about’s and where-about’s of different diseases. We might be harmed by the hearsays since the folk concepts are being transferred from a generation to another generation that there is a high possibility of misinformation and the like. It is a good thing we give attention to what our ancestors have given and developed, and good as it is, we are able to have doctors, scientists and nurses that modified, developed and improved our knowledge about our health enabling us to become healthier people. Reference Nancy Neff. Folk Medicine in Hispanics in the Southwestern United States. Retrieved 6 February 2008 from http://www.rice.edu/projects/HispanicHealth/Courses/mod7/mod7.html

Politics and society in the late roman republic

Politics and society in the late roman republic Politics and Society in the Late Roman Republic â€Å"Augustus restoration of the res publica was all a sham, a facade behind which lurked monarchy.† Discuss The restoration of the res publica occurred in 27 BC when Gaius Octavius returned his powers to the senate and people of Rome. This restoration is a much debated topic in modern literature with particular emphasis placed on the word ‘restoration, as much of the res publica appears to have been changed, albeit behind a number of traditional institutions. A number of scholars support the above statement suggesting the res publica from this point onwards was a monarchy in all but name (Eck, Jones and Wiseman). This essay will however take the alternate view along with a number of contemporary scholars, most notably Millar, Segal and Severy; the idea that Augustus wished to restore the res publica, but also needed to react to the events of the period so as to defend the traditional values of the Roman people. Augustus did however slide towards monarchy during this period, but various authors offer differing dates at which the facade begins to occur. The first point to be discussed is that of Augustus and his links with the Roman military, which can be viewed at first in purely monarchical terms, this reading however can also imply a much more traditional approach towards republican values. The introduction of the Trojan games or Ludi Troiani for example is a return to a much older tradition based within the early sixth century BC (Virgil Aeneid V.596-601, Suet. Aug. 43.2, Severy 2003: 82-3, Taylor 1924: 161). This and the reintroduction of other public events such as the Secular games can be seen as a return to res publica in its earliest form and thus infers an attempt to restore it. Scholars such as Rostovtzeff however think of the Ludi Troiani as an attempt to convince the younger patrician generation that a singular leader would not harm their interests in terms of military glorification (Jones 1960: 16). The return of such military games also reinforced military discipline, reducing the chance of further civil wars and def ection in the next generation (Vel. Pat. 2.64). This does not however have to suggest an idea of Imperial rule; as disciplinewas an important part of the Roman military throughout its history (Goldsworthy 2003: 33). The major controversy surrounding the army is that of Augustus use of his extended family in the major military roles from the 10s BC onwards (Eck 2007: 80). This however is at least 10 years into the ‘new res publica, suggesting that this idea was reactionary rather than an early attempt to introduce monarchy. One event in particular could be linked to this; Cornelius Gallus in Egypt, the prefect placed here due to his friendship with Augustus was later accused of treachery and ended his life after disobeying the senate (Eck 2007: 60, Eck 1984: 131, Dio Cass. 53.23). This episode in the early stages of the res publica must have shaken both the senate and Augustus himself; primarily due to the fact that three legions were accessible in this province (Shotter 2007: 100, Strabo Geog. 17.12, Syme 1933: 25). The senate reformations are also a much discussed topic as a change in Augustus powers (Wiseman 1971: 10-12). The first, genuine reduction in the senate occurred in 29 BC and appears to have removed senators on a voluntary basis (Dio Cass. 52.42, Wiseman 1971: 10); allowing a majority of princeps italiae to remain. This group is viewed as Augustus powerbase in this period, featuring prominently in his elevation to Pontifex Maximus. The appointment however had previously been offered by the Roman people (RG 10, Suet. Aug. 31.1), suggesting that Augustus was respecting tradition by waiting for both the death of the previous Pontifex and approval from the senate. The next of the lectiones, 19 and 11 BC appear to have forced senators to leave, replacing them with Augustus own supporters (Eck 2007: 80, Wiseman 1971: 10-11, RG 8, Dio Cass. 54.13). This reformation appears to mark a turn towards monarchy, as Augustus gains the majority within the senate. Prior to this point Augustus had only used his auctoritas and financial advantages to keep the res publica stable (Eck 2007: 53-4, RG 34). The first settlement of 27BC is the point at which Augustus returned the republic to the senate and people of Rome (res publica restituta) by relinquishing his triumviral powers and abolishing any of the enactments not legally ratified by the senate during the triumvirate (RG 34, Ov. Fast. 1.589, Severy 2003: 45-6). Dio however argues that the caretakership given to Augustus at the senates suggestion was merely a front to the monarchical intentions of the princeps senatus (Dio Cass. 52.1, 53.11.4, Vitruvius preface, Hor. Odes 3.14.15, Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 14-15, Eck 2007: 52). As a source, Dio is not a contemporary, writing around 200 years later. This relates his thoughts to a period in which contemporaries such as Ovid and Velleius Paterculus were writing (Vell. Pat. 2.89, Ov. Fast. 1.589). Augustus retained his consulship until the second settlement of 23BC, meaning that Augustus was still in charge as a traditional magistrate minus the limitation of one consulship per 10 years (Jones 1960: 4-5). It was however during the first settlement that Augustus received control of a number of provinces including Spain, Gaul and Egypt; rather than the senate, due to the rebellious nature of these provinces as proven by later campaigns (Vel. Pat. 2.90, Suet. Aug. 21). The other provinces were returned to senatorial control using the old system of governorship. This would also suggest the reason for the large military presence in these areas. As well as this Augustus is stated to have returned the provinces of Gallia Narbonensis and Cyprus in 22BC (Brunt Moore 1988: 9). Other modern sources infer that the high numbers of legions in these areas were due to Augustus wish to maintain military supremacy (RG 16, Dio Cass. 55.25.1-3, Severy 2003: 85-7, Eck 2007: 51-2). This reduced the chances of further Civil wars by associating the military with one key group of people rather than the original rotational system prior to the Civil wars as by rooting the military to a set number of trusted i ndividuals the army itself was permanently tied to Rome itself rather than its generals. The title of Augustus itself, given by the senate in 27BC conveys much meaning about his relative power. The name is taken from August, associated with the sacred and auguries (Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 16, Ov. Fast. 1.596-616). This relationship gives Augustus an implicit link to the divine power of Rome and also suggests monarchical intentions. The name Augustus can also be seen as a legal title conferred upon him by the senate at the end of the triumvirate and the beginning of his guardianship of the state. Augustus and contemporary sources however do not refer to the name as an implication of power, but utilise it as a new image to that of Octavian; primarily due to its association with the triumvirate. This change of image is illustrated particularly after the first settlement, when Augustus melted down 80 silver statues of Octavian, then dedicated the value in golden tripods to Apollo (RG 24, Severy 2003: 59). This infers that that his image, previously that of a dictator was chan ged to the man who restored the res publica(Eck 1984: 136, Severy 2003: 47). Augustus also received a number of honours from the senate and people of Rome, the first of which is the corona civis (Severy 2003: 46, Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 17). This was a laurel of oak given to one who has saved the life of a roman citizen and is portrayed on a number of coins (RG 34,Mattingly 1923: 3.14, 18.6). It has also been used to represent the saving of Rome during history. Cicero for example is reputed to have received the same honour for his acts during the Catiline conspiracy (Moralee 2004:67). This honour is therefore defined within the traditions of the res publica (Severy 2003: 46), suggesting that the senate was restored to its former constitutional form. The corona civis however also implies a permanent debt to those who gave it (Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 17); in this case the senate and people of Rome, inferring that these groups will forever remain clients to Augustus. The second of the awards attributed to Augustus was that of a golden shield displaying the major virtues of courage, clemency, justice and piety which was awarded to Augustus as defender of the res publica (Hor. Odes 3.2-6, RG 34, Severy 2003: 46, Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 17, Yavetz 1984: 4-5). This suggests that the senate required Augustus to act in such a way as to control the army and subsequently the state. The riots in 22BC illustrate this as when Augustus denies the consulship the people fear for the state (Dio Cass. 54.1, Brunt Moore 1988: 44). These honours form part of Augustus image, primarily in that they respect the tradition of previous magistrates, as the honours are left outside of the domus. This infers a return to early divisions of public and private, portrayed by Augustus himself (Severy 2003: 47, Dio Cass. 53.16.4). The second settlement of 23BC is a further point at which Augustus appears to take control of the empire, and to some marks the maturity of the Imperial system (Severy 2003: 49, Shotter 2007: 100). This was however defined again with magisterial terms, suggesting a role above others in the senate, yet limited to a set number of 5 years (Severy 2003: 49). Augustus relinquished the consulship which he had held since 27 BC due to ‘universal consent (RG 34). He instead received the tribunitia potestas and imperium proconsulare maius. These powers gave Augustus the authority to manipulate but not control the senate, as the right to veto and call emergency senate meetings meant that the body was effectively under his control (Shotter 2007: 100, Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 14). This period appears to mark the beginning of the facade of singular rule. Complete control however is not gained until the title of pater patriae is acquired. The major turning point from res publica to facade appears to occur in the third settlement, a new notion attributed to 19, 18 and 11BC with the introduction of a number of laws (leges) that completely change republican ideals (Severy 2003: 50, 56). The laws relating to marriage named lex Julia de martinandins ordinibus, for example were designed to encourage reproduction amongst the orders particularly within the patrician order (Lintott 2010: 117). This led to a drastic cut in terms of senatorial potential for those of the next generation, instead needing to rely on the generosity of Augustus and later rulers to make up the required property allowance. The law also had another important aspect in that it caused a break from traditional patronage values as freedmen were forced to break their oaths of marital chastity to their patrons(Digest 37.14.6.4, 23.2.19, Severy 2003: 56). This law therefore decreased the nobles relationship between patron and client, whilst further increasing Augustus own association with the people (Shotter 2007: 100, Eck 2007: 51). Another law that greatly affected traditional republican values was that which regarded adultery, known as the lex Julia de adulteriis. This law reduced the power of the pater familias while increasing Augustus own, as prior to the introduction of this law issues regarding adultery were under the control of the pater familias (Severy 2003: 51, 56, Yavetz 1984: 13). The introduction of such laws infer that Augustus was tending towards monarchical rule, and by placing family within the legal status of Roman citizenship, completely changed the values of the res publica (Eck 1984: 131, Severy 2003: 52). This allowed the placing of himself as pater of all Romans; suggesting a monarchical threat to the original constitution of the res publica. The use of Augustus family from 24BC appears to indicate a change of direction towards monarchy. The first of the members, Marcellus was allowed to run for consulship in 24BC, Syme sees this as an attempt to establish an heir (Syme 1939: 342-3, Jones 1960: 6-7 Dio Cass. 53.31.1). Others however disagree, especially as contemporary sources cannot be certain of the apparent heir as a successor (Jones 1960: 6-7). This infers that none knew of Marcellus as heir, and some secondary sources appear to believe that the mention of Marcellus in the Aeneid (Virgil Aeneid 8.860-85, Dio Cass. 53.30.5-6) suggests his apparent role in Augustus life; mentioning him as a good Roman and with no mention of a formal relationship between the two characters. The Secular Games (Ludi Saeculares) however appear to contradict the idea of the establishment of a royal family, as the games although heavily linked to the idea of the family, have little mention of any of Augustus relatives (Severy 2003: 57, Beard, North Price 1998: 71-2, Suet. Aug. 91.2). This infers that Augustus did not wish to portray his family during the games for this reason; by 9BC however the family appears to have become heavily involved in political terms illustrated through the building of the ara pacis and their portrayal on the monument (Syme 1939: 389, Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 70-75). The Games themselves still suggest a return to the Res Publica as they are a traditional event held every 100-110 years to coincide with the complete renewal of the previous attending population (Beard, North Price 1998: 201-6). This infers that Augustus was attempting to keep important events associated with the original Res Publica but also gives the proceedings a new direction in com parison to that of the traditional through its increased association with the family unit (Wallace-Hadrill 1993: 70-1). To conclude Augustus did not begin with the sole intention of becoming a monarch, or creating a facade behind which he ruled. Augustus instead reacted to the events of the period; realising throughout his prolonged guardianship of the state that a single governmental position is required to maintain the Pax Romana. This was indeed achieved during his reign, but still within the definitions of the older constitution of the res publica. It was Tiberius, successor to Augustus that first officially began sole rule. The supposed sham of the restoration of the res publica is therefore similar to a constitutional shift; which had been occurring since the beginning of the government itself. If a point at which Augustus began to obviously affect the constitution needed to be chosen, it would be that of the law changes in of 19-11BC; as this radically affected the people and their associated rights rather than the senate alone. These law changes caused a complete shift in the roles of both Aug ustus and that of a traditional Roman father figure. On the surface this change in the pater potestas appears minimal, but in reality caused the downfall of some of the overlying ideas of the res publica in relation to the family unit, incorporating Augustus within every aspect of life.

Critical Book Review of No Shame in My Game by Katherine Newman Essay

Critical Book Review of No Shame in My Game by Katherine Newman When someone thinks of the poor they instantly imagine a homeless man sleeping in a cardboard box or the nearest garbage can, but the working poor especially in the inner-city is commonly overlooked by society. However the working poor, in this case the working poor in the inner-city, are people advancing to try and make their lives better. They are taking minimum wage jobs so that they can barely afford a roof over their heads. Within Katherine Newman?s novel No Shame In My Game, she studies the working poor in the inner-city to draw conclusions about how to help them and dispute common stereotypes and the images people commonly view. Newman?s conclusions along with the way she had conducted her case study will be evaluated for her positive and negative points while searching for any biases she may have portrayed within her novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even before I started reading Katherine Newman?s novel No Shame In My Game I had learned a little about Newman?s background, which may cause her to have a bias towards her case study. Newman is clearly within the middle class even perhaps towards the upper end. She is a Harvard anthropologist that would seem to have never experienced such situations as her subjects. Like most of the middle class she could simply have thought that the poor were only the few men in cardboard boxes in rough neighborhoods and not truly consider the working poor in the inner-city until the case study was started and her thesis written. This could greatly affect her procedures in observing data with her hundreds of subjects over the span of a few years. The thinking of someone who is not within the working class may flaw the order and process at which the case study was conducted. There may be variables that Newman did not consider and did not research that could change her data and con clusions. Using the social scientific method to collect data and revise her hypothesis involves knowing all the angles and variables that are applied, but if an extra variable were to present itself it would call for a change in the hypothesis. This one change could alter all of Newman?s conclusions and data she presents. Newman presents her supporting evidence largely with statistics although I do not believe many of her statistics are real world numbers for her exact case study but her observ... ... values as the middle class does. The working class has to first follow the same cultural values as the middle class if they hope to one day become part of the middle class. This thinking is not entirely flawed but unfortunately it is not enough to raise ones ranking in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newman had set out to answer a question: ?What might be done to reverse this scenario [the working poor being subjected to a worse lifestyle than the unemployed on welfare] (and what can be done) to build upon the advantages that a life on the job offers? (Newman, xv). I believe she had answered her question in a manner that proves useful and insightful. The conclusions that Newman had drawn where evaluated to being positive on some aspects while neutral on others. However I do not agree with some methods she used and data she used within her case study but nonetheless it still grants the audience a clear view of the working poor in the inner-city. Her slight bias could have caused her to conduct the research and study in a less accurate manner but she has proceeded to explain her train of thought well through the novel. As a whole Newman?s case study grants a view into the ?true? poor of America.

Comparing Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience and Kings Letter From a Birming

Comparing Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther King's Letter From a Birmingham Jail The two essays, "Civil Disobedience," by Henry David Thoreau, and "Letter From a Birmingham Jail," by Martin Luther King, Jr., effectively illustrate the authors' opinions of justice. Each author has his main point; Thoreau, in dealing with justice as it relates to government, asks for "not at once no government, but at once a better government. King contends that "injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." Both essays offer a complete argument for justice, but, given the conditions, King's essay remains more effective, in that its persuasive techniques have more practical application. Both essays extensively implement both emotional and ethical appeal to give their respective ideas validity. One persuasive technique that each author implements to support his ideas emotionally is the use of biblical allusion. However, in comparison, King's use is stronger in that the tone of his allusions is more appealing to the reader. King's allusions cause the reader to want take action against injustice, whereas Thoreau's are darker -- more likely to make the reader want to submit to and accept the injustices portrayed. For example, King, in his first biblical allusion, manages to draw glory into his struggle by comparing himself with the Apostle Paul, feeling "compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular home town," just as Paul "left his little village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to practically every hamlet and city in the Graeco-Roman world.. . ." This stirs admiration in the reader for King and adds relevance to his struggle. Later King discusses the history of his style of civil dis... ...ide: ". . .one does not remain inert to make way for the other, but both obey their own laws, and spring and grow and flourish as best they can, till one, perchance, overshadows and destroys the other." All three of these comparisons, while being beneficial to the essay's main idea, are too obscure and irrelevant to have any real persuasive power. Granted, both essays effectively implement both emotional and ethical appeal to the reader in order to be persuasive, and each, given the right conditions has the potential to be equally effective. But, given the conditions we are under, including the time frame, ("Civil Disobedience" was written over one hundred years before "Letter From a Birmingham Jail") King's essay, overall, features more of the characteristics, as well as the accessibility to produce a higher level of comprehension and relevance for the reader.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Essay

This article has deeply looked into the importances of education. The different perspectives that the author of the article has used in explaining the significance of education has made me to understand the noble part of education which I though was increased economic power. However from the article, I have realized that there are other benefits accrued to education such as improved lifestyle, and also status quo of an individual though they have not been fully exhausted in the article. The completion of tertiary education has also increase in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) members have also learnt that there is inequality in economic earning in the OECD country members with Spain, Luxembourg and Belgium having the lowest level of gender inequality. This however does not conform in all countries especially the developing countries where the level of unemployment is high. There is high level of unemployed graduates in the developing countries which deprive education of its importance. The income rate in the developing countries do not match with education level due to high level of corruption in these countries. It is possible to find a Bachelor degree holder earning less than a college diploma holder. The education in different countries vary in significance and in the developed countries the people enjoy the benefits of education more than the people in the developing countries. The articles analysis on sciences and maths score has brought the clear image of performance across different countries. Just like many people, I could not have imagined that the United States could be led by any other country in the science and technology sector. Amazingly from the articles analysis on these subjects (Science and Maths), Asian countries take a lead including Singapore, China, South Korea and Japan. It have also been noted that different countries differ significantly on the level of education and education attainment. The gender inequality in earning is very prominent in the developing countries which the article should have focused. The article did not include African states in the analysis except in the science and math performance. I feel that the article needed more of comparison on education in Africa with the first world countries which could have brought about a clear view of education in the two disparities. The article could have discussed about the future prospect of education in the world. With the improved technology, different individuals from different countries are able to acquire universal education and hence chances of employment increase. The level of competition in education is also likely to go higher as children at a lower age are being exposed to technology such as the internet. The article need therefore to address the future of education in the globe. The benefits of education are broader than the article is stating. Education plays a major role in the conservation of the environment. The level of education determines the ones level of environmental consciousness. With the threat of global warming, education through creating awareness and providing solutions to the problem can make a difference.

Operations Management Question

FALL 2011 2011 Deadline: October 26, Middle East Technical University – Northern Cyprus Campus BUS 361 Operations Management Homework 1 – Solutions 1. Fruit Computer Company manufactures memory chips in lots of ten chips. From past experience, Fruit knows that 80% of all lots contain 10% (1 out of 10) defective chips, 20% of all lots contain 50% (5 out of 10) defective chips. If a good batch (that is, 10% defective) of chips is sent on to the next stage of production, processing costs of $1000 are incurred, and if a bad batch (that is, 50% defective) is sent on to the next stage of production, processing costs of $4000 are incurred.Fruit also has the alternative of reworking a batch at a cost of $1000. A reworked batch is sure to be a good batch. Alternatively, for a cost of $100, Fruit can test one chip from each batch in an attempt to determine whether the batch is defective. Determine how Fruit can minimize the expected total cost per batch. Expected total cost per b atch = $1580. Fruit can minimize the expected total cost per batch by choosing the following decisions: It should test a chip.If the tested chip is defective, Fruit should rework the batch. If the tested chip is not defective, however, Fruit should send batch on to the next stage. See the following figure for details. Probabilities regarding testing a chip are calculated as follows. D: Chip is defective, D’: Chip is not defective, BB: Bad Batch, GB: Good Batch P(GB) = 0. 8, P(BB) = 0. 2, P(D | GB) = 0. 1, P(D’ | GB) = 0. 9, P(D | BB) = 0. 5, P(D’ | BB) = 0. 5, P(D) = (0. 8)(0. 1) + (0. 2)(0. 5) = 0. 18, P(D’) = 1 – P(D) = 0. 82P(GB | D) = (P(D|GB) P(GB) + P(D|BB)P(BB)) / P(D) = 8/18 P(BB | D) = 1 – P(GB | D) = 10/18 P(GB | D’) = (P(D’|GB) P(GB) + P(D’|BB)P(BB)) / P(D’) = 72/82 P(BB | D’) = 1 – P(GB | D’) = 10/82 1 2. A retailer of electronic products has asked a particular manufacturer to begi n daily deliveries rather than on a weekly basis. Currently the manufacturer delivers 2000 cases each Monday. The cost of each case is valued at $300. a. What is the average inventory (in units)? b. The average inventory (in dollars)? c. What is the inventory turnover? . What is the average inventory (in dollars) for the daily delivery pattern, assuming 20 days/month? a. Average inventory = (2000 + 0) / 2 = 1000 units. b. Average inventory = 300 * 1000 = $300,000 c. Inventory turnover = Net sales / Average Inventory = 52 * 2000 / 1000 = 104 d. Average inventory = (2000/5 + 0) / 2 = 200 units Average inventory = 300 * 200 = $60,000 3. METU NCC Student Affairs officer, Sinem, is checking the accuracy of student registrations each day. For each student this process takes exactly two and a half minutes.There are times when Sinem gets quite a backlog of files to process. She has argued for more help and another computer, but her manager doesn’t think capacity is that stressed. Use the following data to determine the utilization of her and her computer. She works seven and a half hours per day (she gets 30 minutes off for lunch), 5 days per week. What is the utilization of Sinem and Sinem’s computer? The following data are fairly typical for a week: 3 Total number of files to process = 70 + 150 + 130 + 120 + 160 = 630 Time it takes Sinem to process the files in each week = 630 files * 2. min/file = 1575 minutes. Total working hours available in a week = 7. 5 hours/day * 5 days = 7. 5 * 5 = 37. 5 hours = 37. 5 * 60 minutes = 2250 minutes / week Utilization = Actual working time / Time available = 1575 / 2250 = 70% 4. Consider the following three-station production line with a single product that must visit station 1, 2, and 3 in sequence: †¢ Station 1 has 4 identical machines with a processing time of 15 minutes per job. †¢ Station 2 has 10 identical machines with a processing time of 30 minutes per job. Station 3 has 1 machine with a processi ng time of 3 minutes per job. a. What is rb (bottleneck rate) for this line? b. Can this system satisfy the daily demand of 180 units (assume 2 shifts in a day, and 4 hours in a shift)? c. What is T0 (raw processing time) for this line? d. What is W0 (critical WIP) for this line? Station 1 Production rate (jobs/min) Production rate (jobs/day) = 128 Station 2 Station 3 = 160 = 160 a. Station 1 is the bottleneck station, which has bottleneck rate, rb = 4/15. b.Because the bottleneck station’s production rate of 128 is less than the daily demand of 180 units, this system cannot satisfy the daily demand. 4 c. T0 = 15 + 30 + 3 = 48 minutes. d. W0 = rb * T0 = 4/15 * 48 = 12. 8 13 units. 5. The final assembly of Noname PCs requires a total of 12 tasks. The assembly is done at the Lubbock, Texas plant using various components imported from Far East. The tasks required for the assembly operations, task times and precedence relationships between tasks are as follows: Task Task Time (mi n)Immediate Predecessors 1 2 2 2 2 3, 4 7 5 6, 9 8, 10 11 Positional Weight 70 58 31 27 20 29 25 18 18 17 13 7 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 6 6 2 2 12 7 5 1 4 6 7 1 2 3 5 7 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 Given that the company produces one assembled PC every 15 minutes, a. Assign tasks to workstations using the Ranked Positional Weight Algorithm. b. Calculate balance delay and workload imbalance for your solution. c. Evaluate optimality of your solution (in terms of number of workstations, balance delay and workload imbalance). 5 a. Order of tasks: 1, 2, 3, 6, 4, 7, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12WS 1 1 15 3 WS 2 2, 3, 4 15 9 3 1 WS 3 6, 5, 9 15 3 1 0 WS 4 7, 8 15 8 3 WS 5 10, 11 15 11 5 WS 6 12 15 8 Thus, the number of workstations found by RPW heuristic is equal to 6. ? b. Balance Delay (D) = b1= 3, b2= 1, b3= 0, b4= 3, b5= 5, b6= 8 ? = 20/6 = 3. 33, Workload Imbalance (B) = v c. Lower bound on number of workstations = [ ] [? ] =[ ] LB[D] = 0, LB[B] =0. None of the lower bounds are equal to the obtai ned objective values (K*, D, B). Thus, we do not know whether the solution obtained by RPW heuristic is optimal or not. 6

Adverse Effects Of Technology On Student Learning

Adverse Effects Of Technology On Student Learning As I was sitting in my room one night reading through articles on technology and its effect on education, a single idea sparked my interest in the topic: how students in my generation were being seen as negatively affected in the academic sphere by the advent of the iPhone, iPads, and constant television streaming. This idea got me thinking about my own life and use of technology both inside and outside the walls of my high school. It is hard for me to imagine a life without my devices, but the concerns by teachers across America are almost impossible to ignore. In today’s society, technology is a huge part of the lives of the current generation of high school students and will be even more ingrained in the lives of younger generations. The use of technology in schools will not slow down in the future, it will only grow more rapidly each year. Technology in education has caused students to lose focus in the classroom and become less analytical problem-solvers in regards to cri tical thinking questions. Clearly, the use of technological devices in the niche of education hampers the learning ability of students in the classroom. Initially, technology use in educational settings impedes students’ focus on scholastic tasks. Obviously, students do not always regard school as entertaining. Historically, students that were uninterested in a subject or lesson would often not have a way to escape from listening to the teacher; however, in today’s culture, students can turn to a tiny, pocket-sized treasure chest of games on their cell phone when they get bored in class. As technological advances have evolved, cell phones have made it easier and more accessible for students to become distracted from learning. Writer for the New York Times, Matt Richtel, in his article for the Times, â€Å"Technology Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say†, published in the New York Times on November 1, 2012, addresses the topic of technology in education and argues that students have minimized the ability to focus on schoolwork since the technological boom. He supports this claim by examining one large-scale survey conducted by the Pew Internet Project, a branch of the Pew Research group, then analyzing another large-scale survey conducted by Vicky Rideout of Common Sense Media, a non-profit, San Francisco-based organization which counsels parents on childhood media use, and finally he uses interviews from teachers who spend time daily observing students in their classrooms. Richtel’s purpose is to show that students of the current generation have shifted dramatically in their approaches to learning and how the impact of technology has made it more difficult for students to keep attention on their responsibilities in school in order to help educators and parents rethink the amount of use of technology their student should be allowed to use. From the article, Richtel claims that, â€Å"There is a widespread belief among teachers that students’ constant use of digital technology is hampering their attention spans,† and this quote is spot-on in the culture of our soci ety. In Richtel’s quote, he illuminates how teachers, the people spending almost eight hours a day with students, have been seeing a noticeable decline in their students’ ability to focus on specific tasks in academia. If teachers, given their extensive time spent with students, have all had a similar experience with students’ waning attention spans, it is hard to discount that evidence against students. Evidently, teachers have been noticing as obvious degeneration in students’ ability to focus since the introduction of technological devices in student possession. Likewise, in the New York Times article, â€Å"Growing Up Digital, Wired for Distraction† (2010), author Matt Richtel, writer for the New York Times, asserts that the attention spans of contemporary students has diminished and suggests that technology is to blame for the decline. He backs up this claim by doing the following: first, he begins the article as the story of seventeen-year-old Vishal, a once bright and attentive student who’s grades have plummeted since he discovered technology in seventh grade, next, he uses research done by a Duke University professor and The Kaiser Family Foundation to supplement his thesis, last, he includes more stories of students and how they feel their use of technology has impacted their academic life. In this article, Richtel states, that â€Å"Several recent studies show that young people tend to use home computers for entertainment, not learning, and that this can hurt school performance, particularly in low-income families.â €  This quote is significant because, Richtel explains how studies that have been done in the recent past have supported the thesis of home computers being used by students for purposes other than those that are educational. For example, students at home may use their computers for social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram or video streaming sites like YouTube instead of using the computer to play learning-centered games, read e-books, or work on homework. Furthermore, students are also apt to spend more time on these non-educational sites than on sites which could help them study for quizzes and tests or further their knowledge on subjects that they are not strong in and thus, hindering academic performance. It is well-defined that it is tremendously easy for students to lose focus on academic subjects while distracted by technology. Additionally, technology in education has also been shown to lessen the amount of critical thinking done by students in complex problems. Matt Richtel also discusses the topic of reduced problem-solving skills in his article â€Å"Technology Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say†. In this article, Richtel states, â€Å"Lisa Baldwin, 48, a high school teacher in Great Barrington, Mass., [who] said students’ ability to focus and fight through academic challenges was suffering an ‘exponential decline’.† He goes on further to say that, â€Å"She said she was the decline most sharply in students whose parents allowed unfettered access to television, phones, iPads and video games.† Clearly, teachers have taken notice of the decline of students’ critical thinking skills in recent years. Whether it be in math, science, English, or any other subject, there will always be challenges to students that they may not be necessarily confident on how to solve the anticipated problem. As technology advances, students will be more enabled to use the internet to find the answers to such complicated problems instead of learning how to work through them, which will in turn, cause them to slowly lose the critical thinking skills necessary to adulthood. As in the quote from Ms. Baldwin, the â€Å"academic challenges† that are proposed to students will not just go away with the evolution of technology, and students will have to become more skilled problem-solvers than they currently are in order to succeed academically. The importance of preserving problem-solving skills in future generations is unimaginable, and it is recognizably a problem that many teachers, including Ms. Baldwin, are experiencing. Moreover, the ability of students to solve multifaceted problems has also been recognized by students to be a clear issue in education due to the use of technology. Matt Richtel also discusses the topic of the weakening ability of students to solve complex problems in his article â€Å"Growing Up Digital, Wired for Distraction†. In his article, Richtel observes the class of teacher Marcia Blondel, an expert teacher, who has been forced to resort to reading aloud in a senior English class because students have lacked the ability to read the assigned passages at home. Ms. Blondel states, â€Å"You can’t become a good writer by watching YouTube, texting and e-mailing a bunch of abbreviations.† This quote shows how teachers like Ms. Blondel are particularly alert to the fact that student learning capacities have taken a considerable shift from students being proactive to barely reading an assigned group of pages in a senior English class. It is more than understand able for an elementary-level English class to verbally read passages in class to bolster comprehension, but in a high school-level class, verbal reading is almost non-existent. The claim made by Ms. Blondel is not uncommon, technology has taken over aspects of students’ lives that were once filled by semi-meaningful actions. Discernibly, the use of technology has significantly hampered students’ ability to solve intricate problems. Conclusively, technology in education has huge implications on student achievement. The use of digital devices in educational settings has impeded on this culture’s students’ ability to focus and maintain attention in the classroom, as well as technology diminishing the ability of students to solve complex mental problems presented in classroom situations. Clearly, the use of technology in education has had a negative impact on today’s society’s students in the areas of focus and problem-solving. This thesis is bad for our culture because unless a restriction is placed on technology use by students, the dependency on technology will only grow and the problems proposed in the thesis will only become exacerbated by future generations of students. As thousands of students enter the school system each scholastic year, it is necessary to understand the true impact that iPhones, iPads, television, and video games have on developing minds. It is up to educators and parents to change this growing trend.